Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C) and grease a 9x9-inch baking pan or line it with parchment paper.
In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, and salt until combined.
In a large mixing bowl, beat softened butter and granulated sugar together until light and fluffy.
Add the eggs one at a time, mixing well after each addition.
Mix in lemon zest, lemon juice, and vanilla extract until combined.
Add the dry ingredients gradually, alternating with sour cream and milk, mixing until just combined without overmixing.
Toss the blueberries with 1 tablespoon flour to help prevent them from sinking during baking.
Gently fold the blueberries into the cake batter using a spatula.
Pour the batter into the prepared baking pan and spread evenly.
Bake for 35–40 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean.
Allow the cake to cool completely before adding the glaze.
In a small bowl, whisk together powdered sugar, lemon juice, and lemon zest until smooth.
Pour the glaze evenly over the cooled cake.
Let the glaze set for several minutes before slicing and serving.